From bfdb76b448b2fec2079f90d1f153f77b68dd777e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: stamper <tbyhdgs@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 7 May 2019 10:53:19 +0200
Subject: [PATCH] add material from dataclasses session.
---
.gitignore | 1 +
.../dataclasses-complete.ipynb | 563 +++++++++++++++
.../2019-04-30-dataclasses/dataclasses.ipynb | 657 ++++++++++++++++++
meetings/{ => old}/ete.rst | 0
meetings/{ => old}/schedule.txt | 0
5 files changed, 1221 insertions(+)
create mode 100644 .gitignore
create mode 100644 meetings/2019/2019-04-30-dataclasses/dataclasses-complete.ipynb
create mode 100644 meetings/2019/2019-04-30-dataclasses/dataclasses.ipynb
rename meetings/{ => old}/ete.rst (100%)
rename meetings/{ => old}/schedule.txt (100%)
diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b64427c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+*ipynb_checkpoints*
diff --git a/meetings/2019/2019-04-30-dataclasses/dataclasses-complete.ipynb b/meetings/2019/2019-04-30-dataclasses/dataclasses-complete.ipynb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..310069a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/meetings/2019/2019-04-30-dataclasses/dataclasses-complete.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,563 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "# EMBL Python User Group\n",
+ "## 2019-04-30 `dataclasses`\n",
+ "\n",
+ "__Toby Hodges__ ([toby.hodges@embl.de](mailto:toby.hodges@embl.de))"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ ""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Material largely based on [this tutorial blogpost from RealPython](https://realpython.com/python-data-classes/)."
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 1,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "from dataclasses import dataclass"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "@dataclass\n",
+ "class Location:\n",
+ " name: str\n",
+ " lon: float\n",
+ " lat: float"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "here = Location(name=\"Heidelberg\", lat=49.398750, lon=8.672434)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 4,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "__main__.Location"
+ ]
+ },
+ "execution_count": 4,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "type(here)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 8,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Location(name='Heidelberg', lon=8.672434, lat=49.39875)\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "print(here)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 7,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "class normalLocation:\n",
+ " def __init__(self, name, lat, lon):\n",
+ " self.name = name\n",
+ " self.lat = lat\n",
+ " self.lon = lon"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 9,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "there = normalLocation(name=\"Redwood City\", lat=37.484779, lon=-122.228149)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 11,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "__main__.normalLocation"
+ ]
+ },
+ "execution_count": 11,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "type(there)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 13,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "<__main__.normalLocation object at 0x112953ef0>\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "print(there)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "__Note__: think decorators are weird? No worries - you can also import the `dataclasses.make_dataclass` function and create your dataclass with that instead of using the `@dataclass`+`class` approach."
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 15,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "False"
+ ]
+ },
+ "execution_count": 15,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "there == normalLocation(name=\"Redwood City\", lat=37.484779, lon=-122.228149)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 17,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "True"
+ ]
+ },
+ "execution_count": 17,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "here == Location(name=\"Heidelberg\", lat=49.398750, lon=8.672434)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "#### Type Annotations"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 20,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "@dataclass\n",
+ "class Location:\n",
+ " name: str\n",
+ " lon: float\n",
+ " lat: float"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 21,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "from typing import Any\n",
+ "@dataclass\n",
+ "class permissiveLocation:\n",
+ " name: str\n",
+ " lon: Any\n",
+ " lat: Any"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 22,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "nonsense = permissiveLocation(name=\"Alderaan\", lat=\"a long time ago\", lon=[\"a\", \"galaxy\", \"far\", \"far\", \"away\"])"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 23,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "permissiveLocation(name='Alderaan', lon=['a', 'galaxy', 'far', 'far', 'away'], lat='a long time ago')\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "print(nonsense)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "#### Defaults"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 24,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "@dataclass\n",
+ "class Location:\n",
+ " name: str\n",
+ " lon: float=0.0\n",
+ " lat: float=0.0"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Methods are defined in the same way as usual."
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 28,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "from math import asin, cos, radians, sin, sqrt\n",
+ "\n",
+ "@dataclass\n",
+ "class Location:\n",
+ " name: str\n",
+ " lon: float=0.0\n",
+ " lat: float=0.0\n",
+ " def distance_to(self, other):\n",
+ " r = 6371 # Earth radius in kilometers\n",
+ " lam_1, lam_2 = radians(self.lon), radians(other.lon)\n",
+ " phi_1, phi_2 = radians(self.lat), radians(other.lat)\n",
+ " h = (sin((phi_2 - phi_1) / 2)**2\n",
+ " + cos(phi_1) * cos(phi_2) * sin((lam_2 - lam_1) / 2)**2)\n",
+ " return 2 * r * asin(sqrt(h))"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 29,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "here = Location(name=\"Heidelberg\", lat=49.398750, lon=8.672434)\n",
+ "there = Location(name=\"Redwood City\", lat=37.484779, lon=-122.228149)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 30,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "9215.974289879121"
+ ]
+ },
+ "execution_count": 30,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "here.distance_to(there)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "#### Inheritance"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 31,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "@dataclass\n",
+ "class Capital(Location):\n",
+ " country: str=\"undefined\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 32,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "capital_of_germany = Capital(\"berlin\", lat=52.520008, lon=13.404954, country=\"Germany\")"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "#### Fields"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 49,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "from typing import List\n",
+ "\n",
+ "@dataclass\n",
+ "class PlayingCard:\n",
+ " rank: str\n",
+ " suit: str\n",
+ "\n",
+ "@dataclass\n",
+ "class Deck:\n",
+ " cards: List[PlayingCard]\n",
+ "\n",
+ "RANKS = '2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K A'.split()\n",
+ "SUITS = '♣ ♢ ♡ ♠'.split()\n",
+ "def make_french_deck():\n",
+ " return [PlayingCard(r, s) for s in SUITS for r in RANKS]"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "(See [here](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode_input) for more about using Unicode input...)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 40,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "[PlayingCard(rank='2', suit='♣'),\n",
+ " PlayingCard(rank='3', suit='♣'),\n",
+ " PlayingCard(rank='4', suit='♣'),\n",
+ " PlayingCard(rank='5', suit='♣'),\n",
+ " PlayingCard(rank='6', suit='♣'),\n",
+ " PlayingCard(rank='7', suit='♣'),\n",
+ " PlayingCard(rank='8', suit='♣'),\n",
+ " PlayingCard(rank='9', suit='♣'),\n",
+ " PlayingCard(rank='10', suit='♣'),\n",
+ " PlayingCard(rank='J', suit='♣'),\n",
+ " PlayingCard(rank='Q', suit='♣'),\n",
+ " PlayingCard(rank='K', suit='♣'),\n",
+ " PlayingCard(rank='A', suit='♣'),\n",
+ " PlayingCard(rank='2', suit='♢'),\n",
+ " PlayingCard(rank='3', suit='♢'),\n",
+ " PlayingCard(rank='4', suit='♢'),\n",
+ " PlayingCard(rank='5', suit='♢'),\n",
+ " PlayingCard(rank='6', suit='♢'),\n",
+ " PlayingCard(rank='7', suit='♢'),\n",
+ " PlayingCard(rank='8', suit='♢'),\n",
+ " PlayingCard(rank='9', suit='♢'),\n",
+ " PlayingCard(rank='10', suit='♢'),\n",
+ " PlayingCard(rank='J', suit='♢'),\n",
+ " PlayingCard(rank='Q', suit='♢'),\n",
+ " PlayingCard(rank='K', suit='♢'),\n",
+ " PlayingCard(rank='A', suit='♢'),\n",
+ " PlayingCard(rank='2', suit='♡'),\n",
+ " PlayingCard(rank='3', suit='♡'),\n",
+ " PlayingCard(rank='4', suit='♡'),\n",
+ " PlayingCard(rank='5', suit='♡'),\n",
+ " PlayingCard(rank='6', suit='♡'),\n",
+ " PlayingCard(rank='7', suit='♡'),\n",
+ " PlayingCard(rank='8', suit='♡'),\n",
+ " PlayingCard(rank='9', suit='♡'),\n",
+ " PlayingCard(rank='10', suit='♡'),\n",
+ " PlayingCard(rank='J', suit='♡'),\n",
+ " PlayingCard(rank='Q', suit='♡'),\n",
+ " PlayingCard(rank='K', suit='♡'),\n",
+ " PlayingCard(rank='A', suit='♡'),\n",
+ " PlayingCard(rank='2', suit='â™ '),\n",
+ " PlayingCard(rank='3', suit='â™ '),\n",
+ " PlayingCard(rank='4', suit='â™ '),\n",
+ " PlayingCard(rank='5', suit='â™ '),\n",
+ " PlayingCard(rank='6', suit='â™ '),\n",
+ " PlayingCard(rank='7', suit='â™ '),\n",
+ " PlayingCard(rank='8', suit='â™ '),\n",
+ " PlayingCard(rank='9', suit='â™ '),\n",
+ " PlayingCard(rank='10', suit='â™ '),\n",
+ " PlayingCard(rank='J', suit='â™ '),\n",
+ " PlayingCard(rank='Q', suit='â™ '),\n",
+ " PlayingCard(rank='K', suit='â™ '),\n",
+ " PlayingCard(rank='A', suit='â™ ')]"
+ ]
+ },
+ "execution_count": 40,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "make_french_deck()"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 50,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "ename": "ValueError",
+ "evalue": "mutable default <class 'list'> for field cards is not allowed: use default_factory",
+ "output_type": "error",
+ "traceback": [
+ "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
+ "\u001b[0;31mValueError\u001b[0m Traceback (most recent call last)",
+ "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-50-c0e6c8958259>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0;34m@\u001b[0m\u001b[0mdataclass\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[1;32m 2\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32mclass\u001b[0m \u001b[0mDeck\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 3\u001b[0m \u001b[0mcards\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m \u001b[0mList\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m[\u001b[0m\u001b[0mPlayingCard\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m]\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mmake_french_deck\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m \u001b[0;31m# here be dragons!\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
+ "\u001b[0;32m/anaconda2/envs/Py37/lib/python3.7/dataclasses.py\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36mdataclass\u001b[0;34m(_cls, init, repr, eq, order, unsafe_hash, frozen)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 989\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 990\u001b[0m \u001b[0;31m# We're called as @dataclass without parens.\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m--> 991\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0;32mreturn\u001b[0m \u001b[0mwrap\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0m_cls\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[1;32m 992\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 993\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
+ "\u001b[0;32m/anaconda2/envs/Py37/lib/python3.7/dataclasses.py\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36mwrap\u001b[0;34m(cls)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 981\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 982\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32mdef\u001b[0m \u001b[0mwrap\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mcls\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m--> 983\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0;32mreturn\u001b[0m \u001b[0m_process_class\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mcls\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0minit\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mrepr\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0meq\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0morder\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0munsafe_hash\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mfrozen\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[1;32m 984\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 985\u001b[0m \u001b[0;31m# See if we're being called as @dataclass or @dataclass().\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
+ "\u001b[0;32m/anaconda2/envs/Py37/lib/python3.7/dataclasses.py\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m_process_class\u001b[0;34m(cls, init, repr, eq, order, unsafe_hash, frozen)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 832\u001b[0m \u001b[0;31m# we can.\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 833\u001b[0m cls_fields = [_get_field(cls, name, type)\n\u001b[0;32m--> 834\u001b[0;31m for name, type in cls_annotations.items()]\n\u001b[0m\u001b[1;32m 835\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32mfor\u001b[0m \u001b[0mf\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32min\u001b[0m \u001b[0mcls_fields\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 836\u001b[0m \u001b[0mfields\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m[\u001b[0m\u001b[0mf\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mname\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m]\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mf\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
+ "\u001b[0;32m/anaconda2/envs/Py37/lib/python3.7/dataclasses.py\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<listcomp>\u001b[0;34m(.0)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 832\u001b[0m \u001b[0;31m# we can.\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 833\u001b[0m cls_fields = [_get_field(cls, name, type)\n\u001b[0;32m--> 834\u001b[0;31m for name, type in cls_annotations.items()]\n\u001b[0m\u001b[1;32m 835\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32mfor\u001b[0m \u001b[0mf\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32min\u001b[0m \u001b[0mcls_fields\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 836\u001b[0m \u001b[0mfields\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m[\u001b[0m\u001b[0mf\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mname\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m]\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mf\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
+ "\u001b[0;32m/anaconda2/envs/Py37/lib/python3.7/dataclasses.py\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m_get_field\u001b[0;34m(cls, a_name, a_type)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 725\u001b[0m \u001b[0;31m# For real fields, disallow mutable defaults for known types.\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 726\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32mif\u001b[0m \u001b[0mf\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0m_field_type\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32mis\u001b[0m \u001b[0m_FIELD\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32mand\u001b[0m \u001b[0misinstance\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mf\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mdefault\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mlist\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mdict\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mset\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m--> 727\u001b[0;31m raise ValueError(f'mutable default {type(f.default)} for field '\n\u001b[0m\u001b[1;32m 728\u001b[0m f'{f.name} is not allowed: use default_factory')\n\u001b[1;32m 729\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
+ "\u001b[0;31mValueError\u001b[0m: mutable default <class 'list'> for field cards is not allowed: use default_factory"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "@dataclass\n",
+ "class Deck:\n",
+ " cards: List[PlayingCard] = make_french_deck() # here be dragons!"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 46,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "from dataclasses import field\n",
+ "@dataclass\n",
+ "class Deck: # Will NOT work\n",
+ " cards: List[PlayingCard] = field(default_factory=make_french_deck)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 47,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "deck = Deck()"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 48,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "[PlayingCard(rank='2', suit='♣'), PlayingCard(rank='3', suit='♣'), PlayingCard(rank='4', suit='♣'), PlayingCard(rank='5', suit='♣'), PlayingCard(rank='6', suit='♣'), PlayingCard(rank='7', suit='♣'), PlayingCard(rank='8', suit='♣'), PlayingCard(rank='9', suit='♣'), PlayingCard(rank='10', suit='♣'), PlayingCard(rank='J', suit='♣'), PlayingCard(rank='Q', suit='♣'), PlayingCard(rank='K', suit='♣'), PlayingCard(rank='A', suit='♣'), PlayingCard(rank='2', suit='♢'), PlayingCard(rank='3', suit='♢'), PlayingCard(rank='4', suit='♢'), PlayingCard(rank='5', suit='♢'), PlayingCard(rank='6', suit='♢'), PlayingCard(rank='7', suit='♢'), PlayingCard(rank='8', suit='♢'), PlayingCard(rank='9', suit='♢'), PlayingCard(rank='10', suit='♢'), PlayingCard(rank='J', suit='♢'), PlayingCard(rank='Q', suit='♢'), PlayingCard(rank='K', suit='♢'), PlayingCard(rank='A', suit='♢'), PlayingCard(rank='2', suit='♡'), PlayingCard(rank='3', suit='♡'), PlayingCard(rank='4', suit='♡'), PlayingCard(rank='5', suit='♡'), PlayingCard(rank='6', suit='♡'), PlayingCard(rank='7', suit='♡'), PlayingCard(rank='8', suit='♡'), PlayingCard(rank='9', suit='♡'), PlayingCard(rank='10', suit='♡'), PlayingCard(rank='J', suit='♡'), PlayingCard(rank='Q', suit='♡'), PlayingCard(rank='K', suit='♡'), PlayingCard(rank='A', suit='♡'), PlayingCard(rank='2', suit='♠'), PlayingCard(rank='3', suit='♠'), PlayingCard(rank='4', suit='♠'), PlayingCard(rank='5', suit='♠'), PlayingCard(rank='6', suit='♠'), PlayingCard(rank='7', suit='♠'), PlayingCard(rank='8', suit='♠'), PlayingCard(rank='9', suit='♠'), PlayingCard(rank='10', suit='♠'), PlayingCard(rank='J', suit='♠'), PlayingCard(rank='Q', suit='♠'), PlayingCard(rank='K', suit='♠'), PlayingCard(rank='A', suit='♠')]\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "print(deck.cards)"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 3",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python3"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 3
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
+ "version": "3.7.3"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 2
+}
diff --git a/meetings/2019/2019-04-30-dataclasses/dataclasses.ipynb b/meetings/2019/2019-04-30-dataclasses/dataclasses.ipynb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..714f760
--- /dev/null
+++ b/meetings/2019/2019-04-30-dataclasses/dataclasses.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,657 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "# EMBL Python User Group\n",
+ "## 2019-04-30 `dataclasses`\n",
+ "\n",
+ "__Toby Hodges__ ([toby.hodges@embl.de](mailto:toby.hodges@embl.de))"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ ""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Material largely based on [this tutorial blogpost from RealPython](https://realpython.com/python-data-classes/)."
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 51,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "from dataclasses import dataclass"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 52,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "@dataclass\n",
+ "class Location:\n",
+ " name: str\n",
+ " lon: float\n",
+ " lat: float"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 53,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "here = Location(name=\"Heidelberg\", lat=49.398750, lon=8.672434)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 55,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "here = Location(name=\"Heidelberg\", lat=49.398750, lon=8.672434)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 56,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "__main__.Location"
+ ]
+ },
+ "execution_count": 56,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "type(here)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 57,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Location(name='Heidelberg', lon=8.672434, lat=49.39875)\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "print(here)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 59,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "class NormalLocation:\n",
+ " def __init__(self, name, lat, lon):\n",
+ " self.name = name\n",
+ " self.lat = lat\n",
+ " self.lon = lon"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 60,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "there = NormalLocation(name=\"Redwood City\", lat=37.484779, lon=-122.228149)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 61,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "__main__.NormalLocation"
+ ]
+ },
+ "execution_count": 61,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "type(there)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 62,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "<__main__.NormalLocation object at 0x112dc6eb8>\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "print(there)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "__Note__: think decorators are weird? No worries - you can also import the `dataclasses.make_dataclass` function and create your dataclass with that instead of using the `@dataclass`+`class` approach."
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 63,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "False"
+ ]
+ },
+ "execution_count": 63,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "there == normalLocation(name=\"Redwood City\", lat=37.484779, lon=-122.228149)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 64,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "True"
+ ]
+ },
+ "execution_count": 64,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "here == Location(name=\"Heidelberg\", lat=49.398750, lon=8.672434)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "#### Type Annotations"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 65,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "@dataclass\n",
+ "class Location:\n",
+ " name: str\n",
+ " lon: float\n",
+ " lat: float"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 66,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "from typing import Any\n",
+ "@dataclass\n",
+ "class permissiveLocation:\n",
+ " name: str\n",
+ " lon: Any\n",
+ " lat: Any"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 67,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "nonsense = permissiveLocation(name=\"Alderaan\", lat=\"a long time ago\", lon=[\"a\", \"galaxy\", \"far\", \"far\", \"away\"])"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 68,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "permissiveLocation(name='Alderaan', lon=['a', 'galaxy', 'far', 'far', 'away'], lat='a long time ago')\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "print(nonsense)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "#### Defaults"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 81,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "@dataclass\n",
+ "class Location:\n",
+ " name: str\n",
+ " lon: float=0.0\n",
+ " lat: float=0.0"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 74,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "def mulitplier(a, b, c, d):\n",
+ " return a*b*c*d"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 75,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "def mulitplier(a, b, c, d=1):\n",
+ " return a*b*c*d"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 76,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "ename": "SyntaxError",
+ "evalue": "non-default argument follows default argument (<ipython-input-76-2de8e556e2da>, line 1)",
+ "output_type": "error",
+ "traceback": [
+ "\u001b[0;36m File \u001b[0;32m\"<ipython-input-76-2de8e556e2da>\"\u001b[0;36m, line \u001b[0;32m1\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;31m def mulitplier(a=1, b, c, d):\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m ^\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;31mSyntaxError\u001b[0m\u001b[0;31m:\u001b[0m non-default argument follows default argument\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "def mulitplier(a=1, b, c, d):\n",
+ " return a*b*c*d"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 71,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Location(name='somewhere near the middle of the atlantic', lon=0.0, lat=0.0)\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "default_loc = Location(\"somewhere near the middle of the atlantic\")\n",
+ "print(default_loc)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Methods are defined in the same way as usual."
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 85,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "from math import asin, cos, radians, sin, sqrt\n",
+ "\n",
+ "@dataclass\n",
+ "class Location:\n",
+ " name: str\n",
+ " lon: float=0.0\n",
+ " lat: float=0.0\n",
+ " def distance_to(self, other):\n",
+ " r = 6371 # Earth radius in kilometers\n",
+ " lam_1, lam_2 = radians(self.lon), radians(other.lon)\n",
+ " phi_1, phi_2 = radians(self.lat), radians(other.lat)\n",
+ " h = (sin((phi_2 - phi_1) / 2)**2\n",
+ " + cos(phi_1) * cos(phi_2) * sin((lam_2 - lam_1) / 2)**2)\n",
+ " return 2 * r * asin(sqrt(h))"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 86,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "here = Location(name=\"Heidelberg\", lat=49.398750, lon=8.672434)\n",
+ "there = Location(name=\"Redwood City\", lat=37.484779, lon=-122.228149)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 87,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "9215.974289879121"
+ ]
+ },
+ "execution_count": 87,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "here.distance_to(there)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "#### Inheritance"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 83,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "@dataclass\n",
+ "class Location:\n",
+ " name: str\n",
+ " lon: float=0.0\n",
+ " lat: float=0.0\n",
+ "\n",
+ "@dataclass\n",
+ "class Capital(Location):\n",
+ " country: str=\"undefined\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 84,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "capital_of_germany = Capital(\"berlin\", lat=52.520008, lon=13.404954, country=\"Germany\")"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "#### Fields"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 88,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "from typing import List\n",
+ "\n",
+ "@dataclass\n",
+ "class PlayingCard:\n",
+ " rank: str\n",
+ " suit: str\n",
+ "\n",
+ "@dataclass\n",
+ "class Deck:\n",
+ " cards: List[PlayingCard]\n",
+ "\n",
+ "RANKS = '2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K A'.split()\n",
+ "SUITS = '♣ ♢ ♡ ♠'.split()\n",
+ "def make_french_deck():\n",
+ " return [PlayingCard(r, s) for s in SUITS for r in RANKS]"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "(See [here](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode_input) for more about using Unicode input...)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 89,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "[PlayingCard(rank='2', suit='♣'),\n",
+ " PlayingCard(rank='3', suit='♣'),\n",
+ " PlayingCard(rank='4', suit='♣'),\n",
+ " PlayingCard(rank='5', suit='♣'),\n",
+ " PlayingCard(rank='6', suit='♣'),\n",
+ " PlayingCard(rank='7', suit='♣'),\n",
+ " PlayingCard(rank='8', suit='♣'),\n",
+ " PlayingCard(rank='9', suit='♣'),\n",
+ " PlayingCard(rank='10', suit='♣'),\n",
+ " PlayingCard(rank='J', suit='♣'),\n",
+ " PlayingCard(rank='Q', suit='♣'),\n",
+ " PlayingCard(rank='K', suit='♣'),\n",
+ " PlayingCard(rank='A', suit='♣'),\n",
+ " PlayingCard(rank='2', suit='♢'),\n",
+ " PlayingCard(rank='3', suit='♢'),\n",
+ " PlayingCard(rank='4', suit='♢'),\n",
+ " PlayingCard(rank='5', suit='♢'),\n",
+ " PlayingCard(rank='6', suit='♢'),\n",
+ " PlayingCard(rank='7', suit='♢'),\n",
+ " PlayingCard(rank='8', suit='♢'),\n",
+ " PlayingCard(rank='9', suit='♢'),\n",
+ " PlayingCard(rank='10', suit='♢'),\n",
+ " PlayingCard(rank='J', suit='♢'),\n",
+ " PlayingCard(rank='Q', suit='♢'),\n",
+ " PlayingCard(rank='K', suit='♢'),\n",
+ " PlayingCard(rank='A', suit='♢'),\n",
+ " PlayingCard(rank='2', suit='♡'),\n",
+ " PlayingCard(rank='3', suit='♡'),\n",
+ " PlayingCard(rank='4', suit='♡'),\n",
+ " PlayingCard(rank='5', suit='♡'),\n",
+ " PlayingCard(rank='6', suit='♡'),\n",
+ " PlayingCard(rank='7', suit='♡'),\n",
+ " PlayingCard(rank='8', suit='♡'),\n",
+ " PlayingCard(rank='9', suit='♡'),\n",
+ " PlayingCard(rank='10', suit='♡'),\n",
+ " PlayingCard(rank='J', suit='♡'),\n",
+ " PlayingCard(rank='Q', suit='♡'),\n",
+ " PlayingCard(rank='K', suit='♡'),\n",
+ " PlayingCard(rank='A', suit='♡'),\n",
+ " PlayingCard(rank='2', suit='â™ '),\n",
+ " PlayingCard(rank='3', suit='â™ '),\n",
+ " PlayingCard(rank='4', suit='â™ '),\n",
+ " PlayingCard(rank='5', suit='â™ '),\n",
+ " PlayingCard(rank='6', suit='â™ '),\n",
+ " PlayingCard(rank='7', suit='â™ '),\n",
+ " PlayingCard(rank='8', suit='â™ '),\n",
+ " PlayingCard(rank='9', suit='â™ '),\n",
+ " PlayingCard(rank='10', suit='â™ '),\n",
+ " PlayingCard(rank='J', suit='â™ '),\n",
+ " PlayingCard(rank='Q', suit='â™ '),\n",
+ " PlayingCard(rank='K', suit='â™ '),\n",
+ " PlayingCard(rank='A', suit='â™ ')]"
+ ]
+ },
+ "execution_count": 89,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "make_french_deck()"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 90,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "ename": "ValueError",
+ "evalue": "mutable default <class 'list'> for field cards is not allowed: use default_factory",
+ "output_type": "error",
+ "traceback": [
+ "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
+ "\u001b[0;31mValueError\u001b[0m Traceback (most recent call last)",
+ "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-90-c0e6c8958259>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0;34m@\u001b[0m\u001b[0mdataclass\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[1;32m 2\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32mclass\u001b[0m \u001b[0mDeck\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 3\u001b[0m \u001b[0mcards\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m \u001b[0mList\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m[\u001b[0m\u001b[0mPlayingCard\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m]\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mmake_french_deck\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m \u001b[0;31m# here be dragons!\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
+ "\u001b[0;32m/anaconda2/envs/Py37/lib/python3.7/dataclasses.py\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36mdataclass\u001b[0;34m(_cls, init, repr, eq, order, unsafe_hash, frozen)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 989\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 990\u001b[0m \u001b[0;31m# We're called as @dataclass without parens.\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m--> 991\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0;32mreturn\u001b[0m \u001b[0mwrap\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0m_cls\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[1;32m 992\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 993\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
+ "\u001b[0;32m/anaconda2/envs/Py37/lib/python3.7/dataclasses.py\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36mwrap\u001b[0;34m(cls)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 981\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 982\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32mdef\u001b[0m \u001b[0mwrap\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mcls\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m--> 983\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0;32mreturn\u001b[0m \u001b[0m_process_class\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mcls\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0minit\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mrepr\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0meq\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0morder\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0munsafe_hash\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mfrozen\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[1;32m 984\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 985\u001b[0m \u001b[0;31m# See if we're being called as @dataclass or @dataclass().\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
+ "\u001b[0;32m/anaconda2/envs/Py37/lib/python3.7/dataclasses.py\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m_process_class\u001b[0;34m(cls, init, repr, eq, order, unsafe_hash, frozen)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 832\u001b[0m \u001b[0;31m# we can.\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 833\u001b[0m cls_fields = [_get_field(cls, name, type)\n\u001b[0;32m--> 834\u001b[0;31m for name, type in cls_annotations.items()]\n\u001b[0m\u001b[1;32m 835\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32mfor\u001b[0m \u001b[0mf\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32min\u001b[0m \u001b[0mcls_fields\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 836\u001b[0m \u001b[0mfields\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m[\u001b[0m\u001b[0mf\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mname\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m]\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mf\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
+ "\u001b[0;32m/anaconda2/envs/Py37/lib/python3.7/dataclasses.py\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<listcomp>\u001b[0;34m(.0)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 832\u001b[0m \u001b[0;31m# we can.\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 833\u001b[0m cls_fields = [_get_field(cls, name, type)\n\u001b[0;32m--> 834\u001b[0;31m for name, type in cls_annotations.items()]\n\u001b[0m\u001b[1;32m 835\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32mfor\u001b[0m \u001b[0mf\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32min\u001b[0m \u001b[0mcls_fields\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 836\u001b[0m \u001b[0mfields\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m[\u001b[0m\u001b[0mf\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mname\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m]\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mf\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
+ "\u001b[0;32m/anaconda2/envs/Py37/lib/python3.7/dataclasses.py\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m_get_field\u001b[0;34m(cls, a_name, a_type)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 725\u001b[0m \u001b[0;31m# For real fields, disallow mutable defaults for known types.\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 726\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32mif\u001b[0m \u001b[0mf\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0m_field_type\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32mis\u001b[0m \u001b[0m_FIELD\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32mand\u001b[0m \u001b[0misinstance\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mf\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mdefault\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mlist\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mdict\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mset\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m--> 727\u001b[0;31m raise ValueError(f'mutable default {type(f.default)} for field '\n\u001b[0m\u001b[1;32m 728\u001b[0m f'{f.name} is not allowed: use default_factory')\n\u001b[1;32m 729\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
+ "\u001b[0;31mValueError\u001b[0m: mutable default <class 'list'> for field cards is not allowed: use default_factory"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "@dataclass(frozen=True)\n",
+ "class Deck:\n",
+ " cards: List[PlayingCard] = make_french_deck() # here be dragons!"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 91,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "from dataclasses import field\n",
+ "@dataclass\n",
+ "class Deck:\n",
+ " cards: List[PlayingCard] = field(default_factory=make_french_deck)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 92,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "deck = Deck()"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 93,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "[PlayingCard(rank='2', suit='♣'), PlayingCard(rank='3', suit='♣'), PlayingCard(rank='4', suit='♣'), PlayingCard(rank='5', suit='♣'), PlayingCard(rank='6', suit='♣'), PlayingCard(rank='7', suit='♣'), PlayingCard(rank='8', suit='♣'), PlayingCard(rank='9', suit='♣'), PlayingCard(rank='10', suit='♣'), PlayingCard(rank='J', suit='♣'), PlayingCard(rank='Q', suit='♣'), PlayingCard(rank='K', suit='♣'), PlayingCard(rank='A', suit='♣'), PlayingCard(rank='2', suit='♢'), PlayingCard(rank='3', suit='♢'), PlayingCard(rank='4', suit='♢'), PlayingCard(rank='5', suit='♢'), PlayingCard(rank='6', suit='♢'), PlayingCard(rank='7', suit='♢'), PlayingCard(rank='8', suit='♢'), PlayingCard(rank='9', suit='♢'), PlayingCard(rank='10', suit='♢'), PlayingCard(rank='J', suit='♢'), PlayingCard(rank='Q', suit='♢'), PlayingCard(rank='K', suit='♢'), PlayingCard(rank='A', suit='♢'), PlayingCard(rank='2', suit='♡'), PlayingCard(rank='3', suit='♡'), PlayingCard(rank='4', suit='♡'), PlayingCard(rank='5', suit='♡'), PlayingCard(rank='6', suit='♡'), PlayingCard(rank='7', suit='♡'), PlayingCard(rank='8', suit='♡'), PlayingCard(rank='9', suit='♡'), PlayingCard(rank='10', suit='♡'), PlayingCard(rank='J', suit='♡'), PlayingCard(rank='Q', suit='♡'), PlayingCard(rank='K', suit='♡'), PlayingCard(rank='A', suit='♡'), PlayingCard(rank='2', suit='♠'), PlayingCard(rank='3', suit='♠'), PlayingCard(rank='4', suit='♠'), PlayingCard(rank='5', suit='♠'), PlayingCard(rank='6', suit='♠'), PlayingCard(rank='7', suit='♠'), PlayingCard(rank='8', suit='♠'), PlayingCard(rank='9', suit='♠'), PlayingCard(rank='10', suit='♠'), PlayingCard(rank='J', suit='♠'), PlayingCard(rank='Q', suit='♠'), PlayingCard(rank='K', suit='♠'), PlayingCard(rank='A', suit='♠')]\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "print(deck.cards)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 94,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "ename": "ModuleNotFoundError",
+ "evalue": "No module named 'attrs'",
+ "output_type": "error",
+ "traceback": [
+ "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
+ "\u001b[0;31mModuleNotFoundError\u001b[0m Traceback (most recent call last)",
+ "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-94-680b1dd3aa84>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0;32mimport\u001b[0m \u001b[0mattrs\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
+ "\u001b[0;31mModuleNotFoundError\u001b[0m: No module named 'attrs'"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "class Location:\n",
+ " __slots__(name, lon, lat)"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 3",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python3"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 3
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
+ "version": "3.7.3"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 2
+}
diff --git a/meetings/ete.rst b/meetings/old/ete.rst
similarity index 100%
rename from meetings/ete.rst
rename to meetings/old/ete.rst
diff --git a/meetings/schedule.txt b/meetings/old/schedule.txt
similarity index 100%
rename from meetings/schedule.txt
rename to meetings/old/schedule.txt
--
GitLab