Skip to content
Snippets Groups Projects
Commit 468381cc authored by Toby Hodges's avatar Toby Hodges
Browse files

added a few more biology-specific examples

parent 11c29cfb
Branches THchangesDec2015
No related tags found
No related merge requests found
......@@ -179,29 +179,35 @@ or based on the success of the respective previous command:
Example: Create a directory and, if not successful, print an error message::
$ mkdir /bin/a || echo "Could not create directory a"
$ mkdir /bin/a || echo "mkdir didn't work!"
mkdir: cannot create directory `/bin/a': Permission denied
Could not create directory a
mkdir didn't work!
$
Example: Warn if a directory doesn't exist: ::
Example: Decompress a gzipped file if it exists, or download it if not: ::
$ cd /etc || echo "/etc is missing!"
$ cd /nowhere >&/dev/null || echo "/nowhere does not exist"
/nowhere does not exist
$ gzip -d 2W73.pdb || wget "http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/files/2W73.pdb.gz"
$
You can mix multiple ``&&`` and ``||`` controls into a single line.
Example: Create a directory and, if successful, change into it, if not successful, print an error message::
$ mkdir /bin/a && cd a || echo "Could not create directory a"
mkdir: cannot create directory `/bin/a': Permission denied
Could not create directory a
$
$ mkdir ~/bin/a && cd a || echo "Could not create directory a"
$ mkdir ~/a && cd ~/a || echo "Could not create directory a"
$ pwd
/home/fthommen/a
$
Example: Count the heterogens described in a gzipped PDB file or, if it doesn't exist,
download the file::
$ gzip -c 4ZZN.pdb.gz && sed -n '/^HET /p' || wget "http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/files/4ZZN.pdb.gz"
$
*( cmds )* --
Group commands to create one single output stream: The commands are run in a subshell (i.e. a new shell is opened to run them):
......@@ -210,7 +216,7 @@ or based on the success of the respective previous command:
$ pwd
/home/fthommen
$ (cd /etc; ls)
[... directory listing here ...]
[... etc directory listing here ...]
$ pwd
/home/fthommen
$
......@@ -362,20 +368,20 @@ B) Evaluating of conditions or comparisons:
Examples: Test for the existence of /etc/passwd::
if [ -e /etc/passwd ]
if [ -e ./sequence_files ]
then
echo /etc/passwd exists
ls -1 ./sequence_files/*.fasta
else
echo /etc/passwd does NOT exist
echo no sequence_files directory here
fi
or::
if test -e /etc/passwd
if test -e ./sequence_files
then
echo /etc/passwd exists
ls -1 ./sequence_files/*.fasta
else
echo /etc/passwd does NOT exist
echo no sequence_files directory here
fi
......@@ -403,13 +409,13 @@ The basic syntax :index:`is <breaksw>`:
| case variable in | switch (variable) |
| pattern1) | case pattern1: |
| commands | commands |
| ;; | breasksw |
| ;; | breaksw |
| pattern2) | case pattern2: |
| commands | commands |
| ;; | breaksw |
| commands | commands |
| ;; | breaksw |
| *) | default: |
| commands | commands |
| ;; | endsw |
| commands | commands |
| ;; | endsw |
| esac | |
+---------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
......@@ -426,14 +432,27 @@ Example:
Check if /opt/ or /usr/ paths are contained in ``$PATH``: ::
case $PATH in
*/opt/* | */usr/* )
echo /opt/ or /usr/ paths found in \$PATH
*/opt/* )
echo /opt/ paths found in \$PATH
;;
*/etc/* )
echo /etc/ paths found in \$PATH
;;
*)
echo '/opt and /usr are not contained in $PATH'
;;
esac
or
case $PATH in
*/opt/* | */etc/* )
echo /opt/ or /etc/ paths found in \$PATH
;;
*)
echo '/opt and /usr are not contained in $PATH'
;;
esac
Loops
-----
......@@ -460,16 +479,18 @@ list of given values and run the given statements for reach run:
*list* is a list of strings, separated by whitespaces
Examples:
List all files in /tmp in a bulleted list: ::
List filenames and count number of sequences in every FASTA file in ./sequence_files: ::
for FILE in /tmp/*
for FILE in ./sequence_files/*.fasta
do
echo " * $FILE"
grep -c '\>' $FILE
done
or
for FILE in `ls /tmp`
for FILE in `ls ./sequence_files/*.fasta`
do
echo " * $FILE"
grep -c '\>' $FILE
done
......@@ -541,10 +562,6 @@ options and arguments.
Configurable Scripts
--------------------
Any value - be it paths, commands or options - that is specific to individual
applications or your script, should not be "hardcoded" (i.e. used literally
within the script) but assigned to variables:
Using Variables
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
......@@ -553,7 +570,7 @@ applications or your script, should not be hardcoded (i.e. used literally
within the script). Instead you should use variables to refer to them:
Bad example:
You have to change two instances of the path each time you want to list an other directory::
You have to change two instances of the path each time you want to list another directory::
#!/bin/sh
......@@ -561,7 +578,7 @@ Bad example:
ls /etc
Good example:
The path is now in a variable and only one instance has to be changed each time (less work, less errors)::
The path is now in a variable and only one instance has to be changed each time (less work, fewer errors)::
#!/bin/sh
......@@ -570,7 +587,7 @@ Good example:
echo "The directory $MYDIR contains the following files:"
ls $MYDIR
Of course, you'll still have to modify the script each time you want to list the content of an other directory. A more flexible way of customization would be to use a settings file.
Of course, you'll still have to modify the script each time you want to list the content of another directory. A more flexible way of customization would be to use a settings file.
Using a Settings File
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
......@@ -599,7 +616,7 @@ Defining your own Commandline Options and Arguments
---------------------------------------------------
The best way to configure a script is to allow for your own commandline options
and arguments. Commandline arguments are available the script as so-called
and arguments. Commandline arguments are available within the script as so-called
:index:`positional parameters` ``$1``, ``$2``, ``$3``: etc. ``$0``: contains the name of the script. The
variables important when dealing with commandline parameters are:
......@@ -743,7 +760,7 @@ Filenames and Paths
-------------------
If possible, try to avoid any special characters (blanks, semicolons (";"),
colons (":"), backslashes ("\") etc.) in file and directory names. All these
colons (":"), backslashes ("\\") etc.) in file and directory names. All these
special characters can lead to problems in scripted processing. Instead, stick
to alphanumeric characters (a-z, 0-9), dots ("."), dashes ("-") and underscores
("_"). Additionally sticking to lowercase characters helps avoiding mistypes
......@@ -814,6 +831,9 @@ file in /tmp and print its name: ::
/tmp/tmp.Yaafh19370
$
You can take advantage of the fact that mktemp returns the name of the created file,
to capture this file name and use it in your script.
Cleaning up Temporary Files
---------------------------
......
0% Loading or .
You are about to add 0 people to the discussion. Proceed with caution.
Finish editing this message first!
Please register or to comment